一对多的映射可以使用一组Java集合不包含任何重复的元素来实现。我们已经看到了如何设置映射集合在Hibernate中,所以如果你已经学会了集合(Set)映射,那么所有设置可用于一对多的映射。
集合被映射到与映射表中<set>元素,并java.util.HashSet中初始化。您可以使用Set集合在类中,有一个集合中不需要重复的元素。
定义RDBMS表:
考虑一个情况,我们需要员工记录存储在EMPLOYEE表,将有以下结构:
create table EMPLOYEE ( id INT NOT NULL auto_increment, first_name VARCHAR(20) default NULL, last_name VARCHAR(20) default NULL, salary INT default NULL, PRIMARY KEY (id) );
此外,假设每个员工都可以有一个或多个与他/她相关的证书。因此,我们将存储证书的相关信息在一个单独的表,该表具有以下结构:
create table CERTIFICATE ( id INT NOT NULL auto_increment, certificate_name VARCHAR(30) default NULL, employee_id INT default NULL, PRIMARY KEY (id) );
将有一个对多EMPLOYEE和证书对象之间的关系:
定义POJO类:
让我们实现POJO类员工将被用于保存EMPLOYEE表中的对象和有证书的集变量的集合。
import java.util.*; public class Employee { private int id; private String firstName; private String lastName; private int salary; private Set certificates; public Employee() {} public Employee(String fname, String lname, int salary) { this.firstName = fname; this.lastName = lname; this.salary = salary; } public int getId() { return id; } public void setId( int id ) { this.id = id; } public String getFirstName() { return firstName; } public void setFirstName( String first_name ) { this.firstName = first_name; } public String getLastName() { return lastName; } public void setLastName( String last_name ) { this.lastName = last_name; } public int getSalary() { return salary; } public void setSalary( int salary ) { this.salary = salary; } public Set getCertificates() { return certificates; } public void setCertificates( Set certificates ) { this.certificates = certificates; } }
现在让我们定义另一个POJO类对应的表的证书,这样的证书对象可以存储和检索到的证书表。这个类还应该同时实现了equals()和hashCode()方法,使Java可以判断任意两个元素/对象是否相同。
public class Certificate { private int id; private String name; public Certificate() {} public Certificate(String name) { this.name = name; } public int getId() { return id; } public void setId( int id ) { this.id = id; } public String getName() { return name; } public void setName( String name ) { this.name = name; } public boolean equals(Object obj) { if (obj == null) return false; if (!this.getClass().equals(obj.getClass())) return false; Certificate obj2 = (Certificate)obj; if((this.id == obj2.getId()) && (this.name.equals(obj2.getName()))) { return true; } return false; } public int hashCode() { int tmp = 0; tmp = ( id + name ).hashCode(); return tmp; } }
定义Hibernate映射文件:
让我们指示Hibernate如何定义的类映射到数据库表的映射文件。
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <!DOCTYPE hibernate-mapping PUBLIC "-//Hibernate/Hibernate Mapping DTD//EN" "http://www.hibernate.org/dtd/hibernate-mapping-3.0.dtd"> <hibernate-mapping> <class name="Employee" table="EMPLOYEE"> <meta attribute="class-description"> This class contains the employee detail. </meta> <id name="id" type="int" column="id"> <generator class="native"/> </id> <set name="certificates" cascade="all"> <key column="employee_id"/> <one-to-many class="Certificate"/> </set> <property name="firstName" column="first_name" type="string"/> <property name="lastName" column="last_name" type="string"/> <property name="salary" column="salary" type="int"/> </class> <class name="Certificate" table="CERTIFICATE"> <meta attribute="class-description"> This class contains the certificate records. </meta> <id name="id" type="int" column="id"> <generator class="native"/> </id> <property name="name" column="certificate_name" type="string"/> </class> </hibernate-mapping>
应该保存的映射文件中的格式<classname>.hbm.xml。我们保存映射文件中的文件Employee.hbm.xml。你已经熟悉了大部分的映射细节,但让我们再次看看映射文件中的所有元素:
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映射文档是具有<hibernate-mapping>为对应于每一个类包含2个<class>元素的根元素的XML文档。
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<class>元素被用于定义数据库表从一个Java类特定的映射。 Java类名指定使用class元素的name属性和使用表属性数据库表名指定。
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<meta>元素是可选元素,可以用来创建类的描述。
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<id>元素映射在类中的唯一ID属性到数据库表的主键。 id元素的name属性是指属性的类和column属性是指在数据库表中的列。 type属性保存了Hibernate映射类型,这种类型的映射将会从Java转换为SQL数据类型。
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id元素内的<generator>元素被用来自动生成的主键值。将生成元素的class属性设置为原生让Hibernate拾取identity,sequence或者hilo中的算法来创建主键根据底层数据库的支持能力。
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<property>元素用于一个Java类的属性映射到数据库表中的列。元素的name属性是指属性的类和column属性是指在数据库表中的列。 type属性保存了Hibernate映射类型,这种类型的映射将会从Java转换为SQL数据类型。
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<set>元素设置证书和Employee类之间的关系。我们使用cascade属性中<set>元素来告诉Hibernate来保存证书的对象,同时为Employee对象。 name属性被设置为在父类中定义的变量集,在我们的例子是证书。对于每一组变量,我们需要定义在映射文件中单独的一组元素。
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<key>元素是包含外键的父对象,即在证书表中的列。表EMPLOYEE。
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<one-to-many>元素表示一个Employee对象涉及到很多证书的对象。
创建应用程序类:
最后,我们将创建应用程序类的main()方法来运行应用程序。我们将使用这个应用程序,以节省一些员工连同记录证书,然后我们将应用上CRUD操作记录。
import java.util.*; import org.hibernate.HibernateException; import org.hibernate.Session; import org.hibernate.Transaction; import org.hibernate.SessionFactory; import org.hibernate.cfg.Configuration; public class ManageEmployee { private static SessionFactory factory; public static void main(String[] args) { try{ factory = new Configuration().configure().buildSessionFactory(); }catch (Throwable ex) { System.err.println("Failed to create sessionFactory object." + ex); throw new ExceptionInInitializerError(ex); } ManageEmployee ME = new ManageEmployee(); /* Let us have a set of certificates for the first employee */ HashSet set1 = new HashSet(); set1.add(new Certificate("MCA")); set1.add(new Certificate("MBA")); set1.add(new Certificate("PMP")); /* Add employee records in the database */ Integer empID1 = ME.addEmployee("Manoj", "Kumar", 4000, set1); /* Another set of certificates for the second employee */ HashSet set2 = new HashSet(); set2.add(new Certificate("BCA")); set2.add(new Certificate("BA")); /* Add another employee record in the database */ Integer empID2 = ME.addEmployee("Dilip", "Kumar", 3000, set2); /* List down all the employees */ ME.listEmployees(); /* Update employee's salary records */ ME.updateEmployee(empID1, 5000); /* Delete an employee from the database */ ME.deleteEmployee(empID2); /* List down all the employees */ ME.listEmployees(); } /* Method to add an employee record in the database */ public Integer addEmployee(String fname, String lname, int salary, Set cert){ Session session = factory.openSession(); Transaction tx = null; Integer employeeID = null; try{ tx = session.beginTransaction(); Employee employee = new Employee(fname, lname, salary); employee.setCertificates(cert); employeeID = (Integer) session.save(employee); tx.commit(); }catch (HibernateException e) { if (tx!=null) tx.rollback(); e.printStackTrace(); }finally { session.close(); } return employeeID; } /* Method to list all the employees detail */ public void listEmployees( ){ Session session = factory.openSession(); Transaction tx = null; try{ tx = session.beginTransaction(); List employees = session.createQuery("FROM Employee").list(); for (Iterator iterator1 = employees.iterator(); iterator1.hasNext();){ Employee employee = (Employee) iterator1.next(); System.out.print("First Name: " + employee.getFirstName()); System.out.print(" Last Name: " + employee.getLastName()); System.out.println(" Salary: " + employee.getSalary()); Set certificates = employee.getCertificates(); for (Iterator iterator2 = certificates.iterator(); iterator2.hasNext();){ Certificate certName = (Certificate) iterator2.next(); System.out.println("Certificate: " + certName.getName()); } } tx.commit(); }catch (HibernateException e) { if (tx!=null) tx.rollback(); e.printStackTrace(); }finally { session.close(); } } /* Method to update salary for an employee */ public void updateEmployee(Integer EmployeeID, int salary ){ Session session = factory.openSession(); Transaction tx = null; try{ tx = session.beginTransaction(); Employee employee = (Employee)session.get(Employee.class, EmployeeID); employee.setSalary( salary ); session.update(employee); tx.commit(); }catch (HibernateException e) { if (tx!=null) tx.rollback(); e.printStackTrace(); }finally { session.close(); } } /* Method to delete an employee from the records */ public void deleteEmployee(Integer EmployeeID){ Session session = factory.openSession(); Transaction tx = null; try{ tx = session.beginTransaction(); Employee employee = (Employee)session.get(Employee.class, EmployeeID); session.delete(employee); tx.commit(); }catch (HibernateException e) { if (tx!=null) tx.rollback(); e.printStackTrace(); }finally { session.close(); } } }
编译和执行:
下面是步骤来编译并运行上述应用程序。请确保您已在进行的编译和执行之前,适当地设置PATH和CLASSPATH。
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创建hibernate.cfg.xml配置文件。
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创建Employee.hbm.xml映射文件,如上图所示。
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创建Employee.java源文件,如上图所示,并编译它。
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创建Certificate.java源文件,如上图所示,并编译它。
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创建ManageEmployee.java源文件,如上图所示,并编译它。
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执行ManageEmployee二进制文件来运行程序。
在屏幕上获得以下结果,并同时记录会在员工和证书表被创建。
$java ManageEmployee .......VARIOUS LOG MESSAGES WILL DISPLAY HERE........ First Name: Manoj Last Name: Kumar Salary: 4000 Certificate: MBA Certificate: PMP Certificate: MCA First Name: Dilip Last Name: Kumar Salary: 3000 Certificate: BCA Certificate: BA First Name: Manoj Last Name: Kumar Salary: 5000 Certificate: MBA Certificate: PMP Certificate: MCA
如果检查员工和证书表,就应该记录下了:
mysql> select * from employee; +----+------------+-----------+--------+ | id | first_name | last_name | salary | +----+------------+-----------+--------+ | 1 | Manoj | Kumar | 5000 | +----+------------+-----------+--------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from certificate; +----+------------------+-------------+ | id | certificate_name | employee_id | +----+------------------+-------------+ | 1 | MBA | 1 | | 2 | PMP | 1 | | 3 | MCA | 1 | +----+------------------+-------------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql>