还记得学校里学到的基本数学知识吗?就和它们一样。
例子 | 名称 | 结果 |
---|---|---|
-$a | 取反 | $a 的负值。 |
$a + $b | 加法 | $a 和 $b 的和。 |
$a - $b | 减法 | $a 和 $b 的差。 |
$a * $b | 乘法 | $a 和 $b 的积。 |
$a / $b | 除法 | $a 除以 $b 的商。 |
$a % $b | 取模 | $a 除以 $b 的余数。 |
除法运算符总是返回浮点数。只有在下列情况例外:两个操作数都是整数(或字符串转换成的整数)并且正好能整除,这时它返回一个整数。
取模运算符的操作数在运算之前都会转换成整数(除去小数部分)。
取模运算符 % 的结果和被除数的符号(正负号)相同。即 $a % $b 的结果和 $a 的符号相同。例如:
<?php
echo (5 % 3)."\n"; // prints 2
echo (5 % -3)."\n"; // prints 2
echo (-5 % 3)."\n"; // prints -2
echo (-5 % -3)."\n"; // prints -2
?>
参见手册中的数学函数。
antickon at gmail dot com (2012-03-28 23:04:04)
not listed here is the absolutely useless unary plus.
<?php
$a = -3;
$a = +$a;
var_dump( $a ); // int(-3)
php at richardneill dot org (2011-04-18 08:13:23)
For larger numbers (above PHP_INT_MAX), use fmod() rather than %.
The other operators (+-*/) work correctly with floats and integer overflow, but % uses integer wrap. Eg.
<?php
var_dump(0xffffffff % 2);
//Prints int(-1) which is WRONG
var_dump(intval(fmod(0xffffffff,2)));
//Prints int(1) which is the right answer
?>
(The reason this matters is that PHP's float is actually a double, and can accurately represent integers up to 52-bits, even on 32-bit systems)
TheWanderer (2008-06-05 03:52:03)
It is worth noticing that when working with large numbers, most noticably using the modulo operator, the results depend on your CPU architecture. Therefore, running a decent 64-bit machine will be to your advantage in case you have to perform complex mathematical operations. Here is some example code - you can compare its output on x86 and x86_64 machines:
<?php
/* tested under PHP 5.2.6-1 with Suhosin-Patch 0.9.6.2 (cli) on both i386 and amd64, Debian lenny/sid */
$a = 2863311530;
$b = 256;
$c = $a % $b;
echo "$c <br />\n";
echo (2863311530 % 256)." <br />\n"; /* directly with no variables, just to be sure */
?>
The code is expected to produce '170' if working correctly (try it in spreadsheet software).
calmarius at atw dot hu (2008-05-15 06:19:17)
Be careful when using % with large numbers.
The code:
<?php
echo 3333333333 % 3
?>
puts out -1 instead of zero!
(Due to the overflow)
Jonathon Reinhart (2006-10-16 02:11:54)
A very simple yet maybe not obvious use of the modulus (%) operator is to check if an integer is odd or even.
<?php
if (($a % 2) == 1)
{ echo "$a is odd." ;}
if (($a % 2) == 0)
{ echo "$a is even." ;}
?>
This is nice when you want to make alternating-color rows on a table, or divs.
<?php
for ($i = 1; $i <= 10; $i++) {
if(($i % 2) == 1) //odd
{echo "<div class=\"dark\">$i</div>";}
else //even
{echo "<div class=\"light\">$i</div>";}
}
?>
pww8 at cornell dot edu (2005-08-17 14:25:28)
It appears floating-point infinity (INF) is not returned from divide by zero (in PHP 5.0.0). Instead a warning is given and Boolean FALSE is returned.
I searched the various manuals and did not find relevant explanation, so am adding this.
glenn at benge dot co dot nz (2004-10-05 23:28:57)
a real simple method to reset an integer to a the next lowest multiple of a divisor
$startSeq = $startSeq - ($startSeq % $entriesPerPage);
if $startSeq was already a multiple, then " $startSeq % $entriesPerPage " will return 0 and $startSeq will not change.
arjini at gmail dot com (2004-09-08 09:48:36)
When dealing purely with HTML, especially tables, or other things in "grids" the modulous operator is really useful for splitting up the data with a seperator.
This snippet reads any gif files from the directory the script is in, prints them out and puts in a break every 5th image.
<?php
$d = dir('./');
$i = 0;
while(false !== ($e = $d->read())){
if(strpos($e,'.gif')){
++$i;
echo '<img src="'.$e.'"/>'.chr(10);
if(!($i%5))
echo '<br/>';
}
}
?>
For tables just put </tr><tr> in place of the break.
info at sima-pc dot com (2004-05-01 14:48:33)
Note that operator % (modulus) works just with integers (between -214748348 and 2147483647) while fmod() works with short and large numbers.
Modulus with non integer numbers will give unpredictable results.
soren at byu dot edu (2003-11-19 19:49:54)
Exponentiation doesn't use ^ or ** as you might be used to with other languages. To calculate "z equals y to the x" use:
$z = pow(y,x)