在可选的nil
上查询,调用属性,下标和方法的过程叫作可选链。可选链接返回两个值 -
- 如果可选项包含值,则调用相关属性,方法和下标返回值。
- 如果可选项包含
nil
值,则所有相关属性,方法和下标返回nil
。
由于对方法,属性和下标的多个查询组合在一起,因此对一个链的失败将影响整个链的结果为nil
值。
可选链作为强制解包的替代方法
在带有?
的可选值后指定可选链,在可选值返回某些值时调用属性,方法或下标。
可选链? |
访问方法,属性和下标可选链! 强行展开 |
---|---|
? 在可选值之后放置调用属性,方法或下标 |
! 放在可选值之后调用属性,方法或下标来强制展开值 |
当可选项为nil 时,优雅地失败 |
当可选项为nil 时,强制解包会触发运行时错误 |
使用 ! 进行可选链的程序
class ElectionPoll {
var candidate: Pollbooth?
}
lass Pollbooth {
var name = "MP"
}
let cand = ElectionPoll()
let candname = cand.candidate!.name
当使用playground运行上述程序时,得到以下结果 -
fatal error: unexpectedly found nil while unwrapping an Optional value
0 Swift 4 0x0000000103410b68
llvm::sys::PrintStackTrace(__sFILE*) + 40
1 Swift 4 0x0000000103411054 SignalHandler(int) + 452
2 libsystem_platform.dylib 0x00007fff9176af1a _sigtramp + 26
3 libsystem_platform.dylib 0x000000000000000b _sigtramp + 1854492939
4 libsystem_platform.dylib 0x00000001074a0214 _sigtramp + 1976783636
5 Swift 4 0x0000000102a85c39
llvm::JIT::runFunction(llvm::Function*, std::__1::vector > const&) + 329
6 Swift 4 0x0000000102d320b3
llvm::ExecutionEngine::runFunctionAsMain(llvm::Function*,
std::__1::vector<std::__1::basic_string, std::__1::allocator >,
std::__1::allocator<std::__1::basic_string, std::__1::allocator > > > const&,
char const* const*) + 1523
7 Swift 4 0x000000010296e6ba Swift 4::RunImmediately(Swift
4::CompilerInstance&, std::__1::vector<std::__1::basic_string,
std::__1::allocator >, std::__1::allocator<std::__1::basic_string,
std::__1::allocator > > > const&, Swift 4::IRGenOptions&, Swift 4::SILOptions
const&) + 1066
8 Swift 4 0x000000010275764b frontend_main(llvm::ArrayRef,
char const*, void*) + 5275
9 Swift 4 0x0000000102754a6d main + 1677
10 libdyld.dylib 0x00007fff8bb9e5c9 start + 1
11 libdyld.dylib 0x000000000000000c start + 1950751300
Stack dump:
0. Program arguments:
/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Toolchains/XcodeDefault.xctoolchain/
usr/bin/Swift 4 -frontend -interpret - -target x86_64-apple-darwin14.0.0 -
target-cpu core2 -sdk
/Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/MacOSX.platform/Developer/
SDKs/MacOSX10.10.sdk -module-name main
/bin/sh: line 47: 15672 Done cat <<'SWIFT 4'
import Foundation
</std::__1::basic_string</std::__1::basic_string</std::__1::basic_string</std::
__1::basic_string
上述程序将“electionpoll”声明为类名,并包含candidate
成员函数。 子类被声明为pollbooth
,有一个名称为name
成员函数,它被初始化为MP
。 通过使用可选的!
创建一个实例cand
来初始化对超类的调用。 由于值未在基类中声明,因此存储nil
值,从而通过强制解包过程返回致命错误。
使用 ? 的可选链程序
class ElectionPoll {
var candidate: Pollbooth?
}
class Pollbooth {
var name = "MP"
}
let cand = ElectionPoll()
if let candname = cand.candidate?.name {
print("Candidate name is \(candname)")
} else {
print("Candidate name cannot be retreived")
}
当使用playground运行上述程序时,得到以下结果 -
Candidate name cannot be retreived
上述程序将electionpoll
声明为类名,并使用candidate
作为成员函数。 子类名称为pollbooth
,使用name
作为其成员函数,它被初始化为MP
。 通过使用可选的?
创建一个实例cand
来初始化对超类的调用。 由于值未在其基类中声明nil
,因此在else
处理程序块存储并在控制台中打印。
为可选链和访问属性定义模型类
Swift 4语言提供了可选链的概念,将多个子类声明为模型类。 这个概念对于定义复杂模型和访问属性,方法和下标子属性非常有用。
class rectangle {
var print: circle?
}
class circle {
var area = [radius]()
var cprint: Int {
return area.count
}
subscript(i: Int) -> radius {
get {
return area[i]
}
set {
area[i] = newValue
}
}
func circleprint() {
print("The number of rooms is \(cprint)")
}
var rectarea: circumference?
}
class radius {
let radiusname: String
init(radiusname: String) { self.radiusname = radiusname }
}
class circumference {
var circumName: String?
var circumNumber: String?
var street: String?
func buildingIdentifier() -> String? {
if circumName != nil {
return circumName
} else if circumNumber != nil {
return circumNumber
} else {
return nil
}
}
}
let rectname = rectangle()
if let rectarea = rectname.print?.cprint {
print("Area of rectangle is \(rectarea)")
} else {
print("Rectangle Area is not specified")
}
当使用playground运行上述程序时,得到以下结果 -
Rectangle Area is not specified
通过可选链接调用方法
class rectangle {
var print: circle?
}
class circle {
var area = [radius]()
var cprint: Int {
return area.count
}
subscript(i: Int) -> radius {
get {
return area[i]
}
set {
area[i] = newValue
}
}
func circleprint() {
print("Area of Circle is: \(cprint)")
}
var rectarea: circumference?
}
class radius {
let radiusname: String
init(radiusname: String) { self.radiusname = radiusname }
}
class circumference {
var circumName: String?
var circumNumber: String?
var circumarea: String?
func buildingIdentifier() -> String? {
if circumName != nil {
return circumName
} else if circumNumber != nil {
return circumNumber
} else {
return nil
}
}
}
let circname = rectangle()
if circname.print?.circleprint() != nil {
print("Area of circle is specified)")
} else {
print("Area of circle is not specified")
}
当使用playground运行上述程序时,得到以下结果 -
Area of circle is not specified
通过创建名为circname
的实例来调用circle()
子类中声明的函数circleprint()
。 如果函数包含某个值,则该函数将返回一个值,否则它将通过检查代码语句:if circname.print?.circleprint() != nil
返回一些用户定义的打印消息。
通过可选链访问下标
可选链用于设置和检索下标值,以验证对下标的调用是否返回一个值。?
放在下标大括号之前,以访问特定下标上的可选值。
程序1
class rectangle {
var print: circle?
}
class circle {
var area = [radius]()
var cprint: Int {
return area.count
}
subscript(i: Int) -> radius {
get {
return area[i]
}
set {
area[i] = newValue
}
}
func circleprint() {
print("The number of rooms is \(cprint)")
}
var rectarea: circumference?
}
class radius {
let radiusname: String
init(radiusname: String) { self.radiusname = radiusname }
}
class circumference {
var circumName: String?
var circumNumber: String?
var circumarea: String?
func buildingIdentifier() -> String? {
if circumName != nil {
return circumName
} else if circumNumber != nil {
return circumNumber
} else {
return nil
}
}
}
let circname = rectangle()
if let radiusName = circname.print?[0].radiusname {
print("The first room name is \(radiusName).")
} else {
print("Radius is not specified.")
}
当使用playground运行上述程序时,得到以下结果 -
Radius is not specified.
在上面的程序中,未指定成员函数radiusName
的实例值。 因此,对函数的调用将仅返回其他部分,而返回必须是定义特定成员函数的值。
程序2
class rectangle {
var print: circle?
}
class circle {
var area = [radius]()
var cprint: Int {
return area.count
}
subscript(i: Int) -> radius {
get {
return area[i]
}
set {
area[i] = newValue
}
}
func circleprint() {
print("The number of rooms is \(cprint)")
}
var rectarea: circumference?
}
class radius {
let radiusname: String
init(radiusname: String) { self.radiusname = radiusname }
}
class circumference {
var circumName: String?
var circumNumber: String?
var circumarea: String?
func buildingIdentifier() -> String? {
if circumName != nil {
return circumName
} else if circumNumber != nil {
return circumNumber
} else {
return nil
}
}
}
let circname = rectangle()
circname.print?[0] = radius(radiusname: "Diameter")
let printing = circle()
printing.area.append(radius(radiusname: "Units"))
printing.area.append(radius(radiusname: "Meter"))
circname.print = printing
if let radiusName = circname.print?[0].radiusname {
print("Radius is measured in \(radiusName).")
} else {
print("Radius is not specified.")
}
当使用playground运行上述程序时,得到以下结果 -
Radius is measured in Units.
在上面的程序中,指定了成员函数radiusName
的实例值。 因此,对函数的程序调用将会返回一个值。
访问可选类型的下标
class rectangle {
var print: circle?
}
class circle {
var area = [radius]()
var cprint: Int {
return area.count
}
subscript(i: Int) -> radius {
get {
return area[i]
}
set {
area[i] = newValue
}
}
func circleprint() {
print("The number of rooms is \(cprint)")
}
var rectarea: circumference?
}
class radius {
let radiusname: String
init(radiusname: String) { self.radiusname = radiusname }
}
class circumference {
var circumName: String?
var circumNumber: String?
var circumarea: String?
func buildingIdentifier() -> String? {
if circumName != nil {
return circumName
} else if circumNumber != nil {
return circumNumber
} else {
return nil
}
}
}
let circname = rectangle()
circname.print?[0] = radius(radiusname: "Diameter")
let printing = circle()
printing.area.append(radius(radiusname: "Units"))
printing.area.append(radius(radiusname: "Meter"))
circname.print = printing
var area = ["Radius": [35, 45, 78, 101], "Circle": [90, 45, 56]]
area["Radius"]?[1] = 78
area["Circle"]?[1]--
print(area["Radius"]?[0])
print(area["Radius"]?[1])
print(area["Radius"]?[2])
print(area["Radius"]?[3])
print(area["Circle"]?[0])
print(area["Circle"]?[1])
print(area["Circle"]?[2])
当使用playground运行上述程序时,得到以下结果 -
Optional(35)
Optional(78)
Optional(78)
Optional(101)
Optional(90)
Optional(44)
Optional(56)
可以通过引用下标值来访问下标的可选值。 它可以通过下标[0]
,下标[1]
等来访问。“半径”的默认下标值首先分配为[35,45,78,101]
和 Circle 为:[90,45,56]
。 然后将下标值更改Radius [0]
为78
,并将Circle[1]
更改为45
。
链的多级链接
多个子类也可以通过可选链与其超类方法,属性和下标链接。
可选的多个链可以链接 -
如果检索类型不是可选的,则可选链接将返回可选值。 例如,如果String
通过可选链它将返回String?
值。
class rectangle {
var print: circle?
}
class circle {
var area = [radius]()
var cprint: Int {
return area.count
}
subscript(i: Int) -> radius {
get {
return area[i]
}
set {
area[i] = newValue
}
}
func circleprint() {
print("The number of rooms is \(cprint)")
}
var rectarea: circumference?
}
class radius {
let radiusname: String
init(radiusname: String) { self.radiusname = radiusname }
}
class circumference {
var circumName: String?
var circumNumber: String?
var circumarea: String?
func buildingIdentifier() -> String? {
if circumName != nil {
return circumName
} else if circumNumber != nil {
return circumNumber
} else {
return nil
}
}
}
let circname = rectangle()
if let radiusName = circname.print?[0].radiusname {
print("The first room name is \(radiusName).")
} else {
print("Radius is not specified.")
}
当使用playground运行上述程序时,得到以下结果 -
Radius is not specified.
在上面的程序中,未指定成员函数radiusName
的实例值。 因此,对函数的程序调用将仅返回其他部分,而返回必须定义特定成员函数的值。
如果检索类型已经是可选的,则可选链接也将返回可选值。 例如,如果String?
通过可选链访问它会返回String?
值。
class rectangle {
var print: circle?
}
class circle {
var area = [radius]()
var cprint: Int {
return area.count
}
subscript(i: Int) -> radius {
get {
return area[i]
}
set {
area[i] = newValue
}
}
func circleprint() {
print("The number of rooms is \(cprint)")
}
var rectarea: circumference?
}
class radius {
let radiusname: String
init(radiusname: String) { self.radiusname = radiusname }
}
class circumference {
var circumName: String?
var circumNumber: String?
var circumarea: String?
func buildingIdentifier() -> String? {
if circumName != nil {
return circumName
} else if circumNumber != nil {
return circumNumber
} else {
return nil
}
}
}
let circname = rectangle()
circname.print?[0] = radius(radiusname: "Diameter")
let printing = circle()
printing.area.append(radius(radiusname: "Units"))
printing.area.append(radius(radiusname: "Meter"))
circname.print = printing
if let radiusName = circname.print?[0].radiusname {
print("Radius is measured in \(radiusName).")
} else {
print("Radius is not specified.")
}
当使用playground运行上述程序时,得到以下结果 -
Radius is measured in Units.
在上面的程序中,指定了成员函数radiusName
的实例值。 因此,对函数的程序调用将会返回一个值。
使用可选返回值链方法
可选链也用于访问子类定义的方法。
class rectangle {
var print: circle?
}
class circle {
var area = [radius]()
var cprint: Int {
return area.count
}
subscript(i: Int) -> radius {
get {
return area[i]
}
set {
area[i] = newValue
}
}
func circleprint() {
print("Area of Circle is: \(cprint)")
}
var rectarea: circumference?
}
class radius {
let radiusname: String
init(radiusname: String) { self.radiusname = radiusname }
}
class circumference {
var circumName: String?
var circumNumber: String?
var circumarea: String?
func buildingIdentifier() -> String? {
if circumName != nil {
return circumName
} else if circumNumber != nil {
return circumNumber
} else {
return nil
}
}
}
let circname = rectangle()
if circname.print?.circleprint() != nil {
print("Area of circle is specified)")
} else {
print("Area of circle is not specified")
}
当使用playground运行上述程序时,得到以下结果 -
Area of circle is not specified